Rather than an invariant time interval between two events, there is an invariant spacetime interval. It has, for example, replaced the conventional notion of an absolute universal time with the notion of a time that is dependent on reference frame and spatial position. They include the relativity of simultaneity, length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic velocity addition formula, the relativistic Doppler effect, relativistic mass, a universal speed limit, mass–energy equivalence, the speed of causality and the Thomas precession. Special relativity has a wide range of consequences that have been experimentally verified. Even so, the Newtonian model is still valid as a simple and accurate approximation at low velocities (relative to the speed of light), for example, everyday motions on Earth. Today, special relativity is proven to be the most accurate model of motion at any speed when gravitational and quantum effects are negligible. This led to Einstein's development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving all motions and especially those at a speed close to that of light (known as relativistic velocities). The incompatibility of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and, experimentally, the Michelson–Morley null result (and subsequent similar experiments) demonstrated that the historically hypothesized luminiferous aether did not exist. Special relativity was originally proposed by Albert Einstein in a paper published on 26 September 1905 titled " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". Main article: History of special relativity 17.3 Special relativity explained (using simple or more advanced mathematics).17.2 Special relativity for a general audience (no mathematical knowledge required).11.2.4 Relativistic dynamics and invariance.11.2.3 Relativistic kinematics and invariance.11.2.1 Transformations of physical quantities between reference frames.11.1.1 Comparison between flat Euclidean space and Minkowski space.9 Theories of relativity and quantum mechanics.8 Relativity and unifying electromagnetism. 7.2 How far can you travel from the Earth?.6.4 Measurement versus visual appearance.6.3.1 Relativistic longitudinal Doppler effect.5.7 Causality and prohibition of motion faster than light.5.5 Lorentz transformation of velocities.5 Consequences derived from the Lorentz transformation.4.3 Graphical representation of the Lorentz transformation.4.2 Lorentz transformation and its inverse.4.1 Alternative approaches to special relativity.4 Lorentz invariance as the essential core of special relativity.3.4 Relativity without the second postulate.3.3 Lack of an absolute reference frame.3.1 Reference frames and relative motion.2 Traditional "two postulates" approach to special relativity.
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